چکیده:
ابوعبدالله محمدبن سعدبن منیع (168–230 ق / 784–845 م) مشهور به ابن سعد مورخ و سیره نویس، صاحب تالیف مفصل و کم نظیر طبقات الکبری است. وی در میان دانشمندان و مورخین بعد از خود، به مورد اعتماد بودن در نقل روایات شهرت داشت و به همین دلیل مورخین بعد از او بسیار به او ارجاع داده اند؛ اما در این میان مسئله جانشینی رسول خدا? در کتاب طبقات الکبری ابن سعد به گونه ای گزارش شده است که آشکارا دیدگاه نویسنده را در برجسته کردن اعتقاد خود نشان می دهد. در این گزارش ها ابن سعد به خواننده القا می کند که تنها نامزد مورد علاقه رسول خدا ص برای جانشینی پس از خود، کسی جز ابوبکر نبوده؛ این در حالی است که گزارش های مخالف و همچنین روایات پیامبر درباره مقام و موقعیت ممتاز علی ع را نادیده می گیرد. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش تحلیلی-توصیفی قصد دارد از حقیقت گزارش های جانبدارانه، گزینشی و تحریف شده نویسنده طبقات در خصوص مسئله جانشینی رسول خدا ص پرده بردارد.
خلاصه ماشینی:
در این گزارشها ابنسعد به خواننده القا میکند که تنها نامزد مورد علاقة رسولخدا برای جانشینی پس از خود، کسی جز ابوبکر نبوده؛ این در حالی است که گزارشهای مخالف و همچنین روایات پیامبر دربارة مقام و موقعیت ممتاز علی را نادیده میگیرد. وی در ضمن شرح خطبة 66 نهجالبلاغه پس از اینکه شواهدی از کلمات ابوبکر و دیگران ذکر میکند – که حاکی از عدم تعیین ابوبکر است- میگوید: بنابراین، امثال این گزارشها که پیامبر از عایشه میخواهد پدرش را خبر کند تا برای او توصیهای برای خلافت بنویسد (مبادا کسی در شایستگی او تردید کند که «یأبی الله و المؤمنون الا ابابکر و… این گزارش نیز از سوی ابنسعد نقل شده است (ابنسعد، 1998م، ج2، ص245) افزون براین، اگر مسئلة تعیین خلافت و جانشینی ابوبکر آن قدر روشن بود که پیامبر نیازی به سفارش بدان نمیدید، که «أبی الله أن یختلف فیه»، پس چگونه است که این مطلب روشن از برابر چشمان صحابه – که در نگاه اهلسنت همگی عادلاند- پوشیده ماند؟! او یک جا تلاش میکند تا برای ابوبکر و شایستگی او نص دستوپا کند و با بزرگ کردن روایات مخدوش نماز ابوبکر، خواننده را به این باور سوق دهد؛ و در جای دیگر از عایشه و دیگران گزارش میکند که پیامبر رحلت فرمود، در حالیکه نه دربارة علی و نه دربارة غیر او سفارش و وصیتی نکرده بود!؟ ابنسعد عایشه را آخرین شخصی میداند که از پیامبرخدا جدا شده، در حالیکه سر مبارک او را بر سینه داشته است.
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